The ongoing war of words between President Trump and Pope Leo XIV is unparalleled in modern history. It's not new for popes to speak out on political issues, historians of religion say, but Trump's insults toward the pope are without precedent.
The direct nature of Pope Leo's responses as well as him being the first American pope are also playing a role in how the exchange is being interpreted by the public.
The recent back and forth started with Leo's calling for peace in response to the war in Iran, and continued with him warning of the "delusion of omnipotence" and writing that "God does not bless any conflict."
It escalated this past weekend when Trump accused Leo of being "WEAK on Crime, and terrible for Foreign Policy," a potential response to Catholic leaders' calling for more humanity in the Trump administration's immigration policies. Trump also claimed Leo was in favor of Iran having nuclear weapons. Trump continued his attacks Tuesday night with another social media post, saying, "Will someone please tell Pope Leo that Iran has killed at least 42,000 innocent, completely unarmed, protesters in the last two months."
"I have no fear of neither the Trump administration nor of speaking out loudly about the message in the Gospel," Leo told reporters on Monday at the start of an 11-day Africa tour.
Vice President Vance, who is Catholic, also weighed in on the controversy on Tuesday night, saying the pope should "be careful when he talks about matters of theology."
"What we saw ... is an unprecedented, unhinged attack by the president of the United States on the pope," said Christopher White, associate director of the Initiative on Catholic Social Thought and Public Life at Georgetown University. "It was clearly meant to intimidate the pope," but, he added, "the pope's response shows he is undeterred by the president's broadside and won't be distracted from his efforts to push for peace."
The charged nature of the exchange is new, but many popes have been known for their political critiques. Here's a brief overview of times when modern popes spoke out on politics, and how Pope Leo is different.
Popes have had political opinions before, but the response was diplomatic
Modern popes have never shied away from voicing political opinions, sometimes running contrary to world leaders.
"When the pope speaks, it's not that he's taking sides. He's really pointing out the objective moral law," said Michele Dillon, a professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire whose research focuses on the Catholic Church.
But prior interactions were much more diplomatic.
In 1965, Pope Paul VI was the first pope to speak before the United Nations, urging an end to the Vietnam War and famously saying, "No more war, war never again." Paul VI pushed President Lyndon Johnson to "increase even more your noble effort" to negotiate for peace in Vietnam in 1967. Later that year, Johnson released a cordial statement after meeting the pope, saying "I deeply appreciate the full and free manner" of the pope's opinions.
In 1979, Pope John Paul II spoke before the United Nations, focusing on human rights and peace. He advocated an end to conflicts in the Middle East, with a "just settlement of the Palestinian question" and the "territorial integrity of Lebanon." John Paul II visited President Jimmy Carter in the White House, where they talked about the Philippines, China, Europe, South Korea, and the Middle East, according to Carter's notes.
John Paul II, a Polish pope, was also involved in less-public political influence. He supported Polish opposition to the Soviet Union and has been credited with helping to bring down the Berlin Wall in 1989. Later, in 2003, he spoke against the U.S. invasion of Iraq and also sent representatives to Washington and Baghdad to make appeals to avoid the war. Those appeals were ignored, but he correctly predicted decades of unrest in the Middle East, according to White.
John Paul II also voiced opinions on social issues with presidents — disagreeing with Bill Clinton on abortion and pushing George W. Bush to reject stem cell research — but neither president escalated the situation and both remained respectful.
More recently, in 2013, Pope Francis called an impromptu vigil to plead for peace in the civil war in Syria and wrote to Russian President Vladimir Putin to oppose military intervention there. Francis responded to a chemical attack that left some 70 people dead in Syria in 2017, saying he was "horrified," and he appealed "to the conscience of those who have political responsibility" to end the violence.
In 2015, Francis released a document saying the church accepted the scientific consensus on climate change and urged world leaders to act.
"Many of the world's leading climate activists have said that no one has done more to shape public opinion on [climate change] than Pope Francis," White said.
Francis was also a tireless advocate for peace in Gaza, and would call Gaza's Church of the Holy Family nightly during the war between Hamas and Israel.
Francis also went head to head with Trump in 2016 before Trump's first election. When Francis visited the U.S.-Mexico border, he said a person "who thinks only about building walls, wherever they may be, and not building bridges, is not Christian." Trump called the pope's comments "disgraceful," but he quickly smoothed over the situation and called Francis a "wonderful guy."
Popes have been reluctant to name names before now
Popes have historically been hesitant to name the person their criticism is directed at outright. A hotly contested example is Pope Pius XII's decision to not directly name and denounce Adolf Hitler during World War II.
Pope Francis also faced criticism for his ambiguous references to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
This makes Leo's directness all the more relevant, according to White, who is also the author of Pope Leo XIV: Inside the Conclave and the Dawn of a New Papacy. Leo referring to Trump by name, though still a rare occurrence, was a "new tact" for the papacy, he said.
"There's just kind of a reflex on the Vatican's behalf to want to be perceived as neutral as possible in a conflict," he said. Leo, however, "appealed to [Trump] directly and in a sense, pointed the finger to say: 'You started this war, you have the power to end this war.'"
The pope does not want to get involved in a political back and forth, said Dillon, the UNH professor, but his job is to preach the Catholic teachings.
"That's the last thing any pope wants to do, because they do want to be a pope for the universal church and for all people," Dillon said. "A pope of peace."
The Trump administration is frequently invoking religion
Another reason for Leo's outspokenness may be the Trump administration's continued religious rhetoric and imagery, experts said.
On Sunday, Trump shared an AI-generated image that depicts him as a Jesus-like figure, wearing a white robe and red sash and laying his hands on a sick, bedridden man as light appeared to radiate from his hands. The post was later deleted and Trump claimed the image was of him as a doctor.
Robert Orsi, a professor of religious studies and history at Northwestern University, said he was alarmed by the post's connotations. He called the whole exchange with Leo "unprecedented," and "never in U.S. history has this happened."
On Wednesday, Trump shared a post on social media with an image of him being embraced by Jesus. Trump told reporters last week that he believes God supports the U.S. military action in Iran because "God is good and God wants to see people taken care of." Last year, the White House posted an image of Trump as the pope.
"We have an administration, not just a president, but an administration that is speaking out in more overtly religious terms than even somebody like Jimmy Carter," said Margaret Thompson, a professor of history and political science at Syracuse University. Carter was an evangelical Christian.
Dillon, the UNH professor, said that because of this, Leo may have felt a duty to personally reference and respond to Trump's attacks, because he recognizes that "appeasement has a moral price."
Jesuit priest and author James Martin told Morning Edition that "pretty much every Catholic I spoke to, from progressive Catholics to traditional Catholics, were appalled," at Trump's words toward the pope. "The pope is, you know, the representative of the whole church. So it's an attack on the church."
How Pope Leo is viewed, being an American pope
Pope Leo is the first American pope, but he does not think of himself as just an American. "He's the Holy Father for everyone," said Peter Martin, a former U.S. diplomat accredited to the Holy See.
Still, that doesn't stop people from looking at the saga from an American angle.
Dillon said the fact that the pope is American could allow him to have greater influence. Americans may have seen popes such as Francis, who were "pointed in their criticism of a great power like America," as just "anti-America," she said.
"But if you have a pope who was born and raised in Chicago and really a true out-and-out American criticizing in pointed terms, I actually think that carries more weight," Dillon said.
In early April, Leo appealed to the American people "to seek ways to communicate. Perhaps with congressmen, with authorities, saying that we don't want war, we want peace."
"It doesn't get more American than that," White said. "I mean, I don't think there's any precedent for a pope saying, 'call your congressman.'"
Copyright 2026 NPR