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Rethinking Disaster Recovery After A California Town Is Leveled By Wildfire

Efseaff says this area of land could serve the community in the future as a park and a firebreak.
Meredith Rizzo/NPR
Efseaff says this area of land could serve the community in the future as a park and a firebreak.

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When the Camp Fire raced into the Northern California town of Paradise on Nov. 8, destroying nearly 19,000 structures and claiming 85 lives, Chris Beaudis narrowly escaped. He drove out of the Sierra foothills in his Ford Bronco with only his pit bull. He lost everything and has no insurance.

"It's been really stressful at times," he says. "You think that it's the end of the world, especially when everything you have is gone."

All Beaudis has for now is a 300-square-foot FEMA camper trailer. It is wedged into a corner of the fairgrounds in Yuba City, in the valley about 50 miles south of what's left of Paradise. His is one of about 7,200 Camp Fire survivor households relying on direct federal aid, according to FEMA.

Chris Beaudis had been living in his Ford Bronco with his pit bull, Wall-E, after the Camp Fire destroyed his home last November. At the end of March, he moved into a FEMA trailer (right) camped in Yuba City, Calif.
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Meredith Rizzo/NPR
Chris Beaudis had been living in his Ford Bronco with his pit bull, Wall-E, after the Camp Fire destroyed his home last November. At the end of March, he moved into a FEMA trailer (right) camped in Yuba City, Calif.

"Thank God that I was finally able to get on the help list and receive help," Beaudis says. "Since then it's just been the biggest stress reliever of my life."

With nowhere else to go, Beaudis is likely to stay in this trailer for another year before he can rebuild.

But that help list that Beaudis was able to get on is emblematic of a bigger problem in the way we respond to natural disasters: Disaster strikes, emergency help is deployed, checks are cut, communities are rebuilt — even in high-risk places. Many say that reactive response has to change.

The Camp Fire was the most destructive wildfire in California's history. The fire leveled homes in the Ridgewood Mobile Home Park, (top and bottom right), leaving behind debris as seen in these photos taken six months later. The Safeway at Old Town Plaza in Paradise (bottom left) was destroyed.
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Meredith Rizzo/NPR
The Camp Fire was the most destructive wildfire in California's history. The fire leveled homes in the Ridgewood Mobile Home Park, (top and bottom right), leaving behind debris as seen in these photos taken six months later. The Safeway at Old Town Plaza in Paradise (bottom left) was destroyed.

Thus far, the federal government — through FEMA — has paid out more than $85 million in emergency aid for survivors. An additional $370 million in loans has been distributed by the Small Business Administration.

One estimate put the Camp Fire as the most expensive disaster in the world in 2018, racking up more than $16 billion in losses.

Reactionary mode

As disasters like wildfires, floods and hurricanes are increasing in size, severity and frequency, experts who study our response to them are warning that events like the Camp Fire should be a wake-up call. One of the early lessons from Paradise is that we need to radically overhaul how to prepare for and respond to disasters in the era of climate change, they say.

"We have been very reactionary," says Josh Sawislak, a climate resiliency adviser in the Obama administration. "The problem is that we've kind of gotten away with it for a while."

A crew clears hazardous material from a property that burned in the fire. Household products like cleaning solutions, paint or batteries must be specially handled and disposed of following a fire, according to the EPA.
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Meredith Rizzo/NPR
A crew clears hazardous material from a property that burned in the fire. Household products like cleaning solutions, paint or batteries must be specially handled and disposed of following a fire, according to the EPA.

FEMA will typically respond to a disaster, arriving immediately on the ground, and then spend the next 18 months or so cleaning up, aiding communities and making the recovery process as easy as possible for disaster victims who want to rebuild.

In Paradise, that mission started with cleaning up the rubble from destroyed homes, strip malls, gas stations, and the torched frames of cars being scooped up and hauled away.

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Debris removal alone is estimated to cost upwards of $1.7 billion, again mostly paid for by federal taxpayers.

"The quicker we remove the debris, the faster reconstruction can start," says Bob Fenton, FEMA's Region 9 administrator, overseeing the California wildfire recovery.

Clean up the debris and rebuild — this has been the mindset for disaster recovery in the U.S. for decades, according to experts like Sawislak, who has worked in disaster relief and now studies the industry. We wait until something happens and then come in and fix it. This model is outdated and broken, Sawislak says.

Crews cut down burned trees off Clark Road in Paradise.
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Meredith Rizzo/NPR
Crews cut down burned trees off Clark Road in Paradise.

"We're spending more and more money and it's going to get even worse," he says. "Climate change is going to force our hand to be smarter about how we do this."

Sawislak says it is standard operating procedure to cut checks after a disaster declaration. Just last week the Senate passed a $19.1 billion dollar disaster relief package to aid farmers and communities as they recover from floods, hurricanes and wildfires. But every year the U.S. seems to be experiencing the biggest hurricane, the deadliest flood and the most catastrophic wildfires — like the Camp Fire — burning into whole cities that are built in and around overgrown, dry forests.

Behavioral scientist Kathleen Tierney says a lesson from Paradise is that staying the current course will bankrupt the federal Treasury.

"We may be able to slow down the losses, but we can't stop them," she says. "This is the legacy; this is the bill that has come due."

Optimism bias

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Tierney spent her career advising communities after disasters as the former director of the Disaster Research Center at the University of Delaware and the Natural Hazards Center at the University of Colorado. She says it's a basic human instinct to want to rebuild, to return to normal after a traumatic event, even if it's going home to an area we know is risky.

We've done a lot of work over the years to help people respond or rebuild. But how do we get them to plan better, prepare better and mitigate against future disasters?

"The tendency that a lot of people have is to say, 'We've had our disaster. We're not going to have another one; all we have to do is go back,' " she says.

Fenton, the FEMA administrator, has been thinking a lot about this, especially after Paradise. During the Obama administration, he led a committee to overhaul the way communities plan for catastrophes. He has been trying to move the needle toward persuading communities and states to do more before the inevitable disasters strike.

"We've done a lot of work over the years to help people respond or rebuild," Fenton says. "But how do we get them to plan better, prepare better and mitigate against future disasters?"

(Left) One home that survived the fire and one home (right) at the Ridgewood Mobile Home Park in Paradise that did not.
Meredith Rizzo / NPR
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NPR
(Left) One home that survived the fire and one home (right) at the Ridgewood Mobile Home Park in Paradise that did not.

It is not an easy task to turn this system around; there's the ungainly federal budgeting process, political divisiveness and human nature, among other things.

Disaster recovery reforms

Still, last fall, amid a record wildfire season in California, Congress passed the Disaster Recovery Reform Act. It's part of a sprawling set of disaster spending reforms that will, among other things, allow FEMA to send a portion of its disaster relief budget to states to use for pre-disaster mitigation.

Sawislak, who also served on the Hurricane Sandy recovery task force, says it's a start toward avoiding massive rebuilding costs in the future.

"But I don't think it goes far enough," he says. "We should be spending billions on protecting our infrastructure and communities, not millions or even hundreds of millions."

Vickie Brock (left) and Peggy Hunnings (center) serve lunch to people at the Magalia Pines Baptist Church just outside Paradise. Since the fire, the church has been helping distribute free food and water.
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Meredith Rizzo/NPR
Vickie Brock (left) and Peggy Hunnings (center) serve lunch to people at the Magalia Pines Baptist Church just outside Paradise. Since the fire, the church has been helping distribute free food and water.
Damian Cuypers hands out free water to residents at the Magalia Pines Baptist Church just outside Paradise. Private citizens and groups have been volunteering and providing food and water since the fire.
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Meredith Rizzo/NPR
Damian Cuypers hands out free water to residents at the Magalia Pines Baptist Church just outside Paradise. Private citizens and groups have been volunteering and providing food and water since the fire.

Indeed, it is a small portion — about 6% — netting an estimated $300 million a year for pre-disaster mitigation programs. And it is unlikely any of those funds will be allocated in time for this year's fire season.

Nevertheless, federal officials like Fenton say the conversation is finally beginning in earnest around the West, where he says communities need to build — and rebuild — smarter.

"Communities need to be aware of those risks when doing community planning and not build in very high hazard areas," he says.

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Even after Paradise, local governments in the West are continuing to approve development in high-fire-risk places.

Paradise's town council has pledged it will rebuild, while also insisting its new town will have a redesigned street grid and homes built with more fire-resistant materials.

"We all want to rebuild and our constituents all want to rebuild," says Jody Jones, the mayor. "But we want to rebuild a more resilient, safe community."

In April, trucks carry tree debris down Clark Road in Paradise, which was heavily forested before the fire.
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Meredith Rizzo/NPR
In April, trucks carry tree debris down Clark Road in Paradise, which was heavily forested before the fire.

For now, federal money is continuing to keep the recovery here going. The cleanup and debris removal alone is a monumental task, a fraction of which had been completed even six months after the fire.

So there's time to rethink what the new Paradise will be.

Living with fire

Dan Efseaff of the Paradise Recreation and Park District points to where the fire came over the ridge and into Paradise. Cal Fire determined that the fire started near the rural community of Pulga, east of Paradise.
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Meredith Rizzo/NPR
Dan Efseaff of the Paradise Recreation and Park District points to where the fire came over the ridge and into Paradise. Cal Fire determined that the fire started near the rural community of Pulga, east of Paradise.

One morning at dawn, Paradise Recreation and Parks Director Dan Efseaff walks along a ridge on the eastern edge of town. To his right, a steep drop into the Little Feather River Canyon. To his left is a narrow road, full of houses, all leveled by the fire, built right up along the ridge.

Efseaff is floating an idea to buy out these properties and turn the land into open space. The land could be a park but also managed as a firebreak, a place where crews could safely park engines and take a stand.

Efseaff stands at the edge of the Drendel Circle neighborhood, which burned in the fire. Vegetation has begun to grow back in the area (right) that he wants to turn into defensible space.
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Efseaff stands at the edge of the Drendel Circle neighborhood, which burned in the fire. Vegetation has begun to grow back in the area (right) that he wants to turn into defensible space.

"The amount of resources that we spend during a disaster — it's a million dollars a day, or it's $10 million a day," Efseaff says. "Yet I wish I had a million dollars for this next year to do vegetation work in here."

There is a provision — and money — in that new disaster reform bill for states to buy out private property in high-risk zones and turn it into green space. This has never been done before in high-fire-risk areas in the United States. But it could be the future.

"California needs to figure out, how do we live with fire, how do we adapt to fire," Efseaff says. "What we do in Paradise has huge implications for not only the state but the country."

Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

Kirk Siegler reports for NPR, based out of NPR West in California.
Kirk Siegler
As a correspondent on NPR's national desk, Kirk Siegler covers rural life, culture and politics from his base in Boise, Idaho.
Meredith Rizzo is a visuals editor and art director on NPR's Science desk. She produces multimedia stories that illuminate science topics through visual reporting, animation, illustration, photography and video. In her time on the Science desk, she's reported from Hong Kong during the early days of the pandemic, photographed the experiences of the first patient to receive an experimental CRISPR treatment for sickle cell disease and covered post-wildfire issues from Australia to California. In 2021, she worked with a team on NPR's Joy Generator, a randomized ideas machine for ways to tap into positive emotions following a year of life in the pandemic. In 2019, she photographed, reported and produced another interactive visual guide exploring how the shape and size of many common grocery store plastics affect their recyclability.